The European Role in Syria: Strategic Interests and Disputes with the New Authority in Damascus

Diplomatic Document EU 25DE01 _ Policy Analysis.pdf

تنزيل PDF • 1.98MB

Berlin-Brussels /The Syrian arena is witnessing intense European activity as efforts are underway to reassess the EU's role in the country following recent political changes. These efforts aim to address strategic interests, including economic engagement, counterterrorism, and reducing refugee flows. However, they face significant disputes with the new authority in Damascus over political reform and human rights issues.

As Syria embarks on a new phase of political and social reconstruction, the European role in shaping the country’s future becomes increasingly critical. Leading the efforts, Germany and France seek to regain influence in Syria to ensure regional stability and safeguard their economic and political interests. Nevertheless, these ambitions are hindered by challenges such as skepticism over the new authority’s performance, the absence of tangible reforms, and internal EU divisions regarding policy direction. This report delves into the dynamics of European movements, balancing strategic interests and challenges in dealing with Damascus.

Germany and France have already raised the issue of easing EU sanctions on Syria. This follows the visits of German Foreign Minister Annalena Baerbock and her French counterpart Jean-Noël Barrot to Damascus for discussions on key issues with officials from the new authority and the interim government.

- European Strategic Interests in Syria:

- Counterterrorism -

Syria remains a critical hub in global counterterrorism efforts. Extremist groups like ISIS and al-Qaeda have exploited the chaos of the Syrian conflict. European nations aim to prevent the resurgence of these groups through enhanced security cooperation with the new Syrian administration. Maintaining a stable security environment in Syria is pivotal for protecting European territories from potential terror threats.

Reducing Refugee Flows:

The refugee crisis stemming from the Syrian conflict imposes substantial political and social pressures on Europe. European policies target improving living conditions within Syria to ensure a safe environment for refugee returns. Furthermore, supporting reconstruction programs could alleviate the economic and social burdens associated with refugees within EU states.

Reasserting European Influence in the Middle East via Damascus:

European nations seek to reclaim a foothold in the competitive international landscape of the Middle East through Damascus. Over the past decade, Europe’s influence has waned in favor of powers like the United States, Russia, and China. Even France has lost its traditional leverage in Lebanon to Washington, a situation that fuels Europe’s drive to assert a stronger role in Syria.

- Motivations Behind Europe’s Moves:

Regional Stability:

Syria’s stability is vital for reducing regional risks. Prolonged crises exacerbate conflicts in the Middle East, which adversely affect European security. European policymakers recognize that fostering stability in Syria can mitigate regional conflicts and secure the EU’s borders

Economic Opportunities:

Reconstruction projects in Syria present a golden opportunity for European companies to enter new markets. Construction and infrastructure sectors, in particular, are highly attractive for European investments, contributing to economic growth in EU member states. Moreover, European support could decrease Syria’s reliance on actors like Russia and Iran, fostering sustainable economic partnerships.

Enhancing Global Standing:

Europe views its involvement in Syria’s reconstruction as a means to bolster its global standing as a key partner in crisis resolution. By focusing on humanitarian and political aid, the EU reinforces its credibility on the international stage.

- Challenges with the New Authority in Damascus :

Political Reforms:

The new authority in Damascus has shown no serious commitment to comprehensive political reforms. This lack of progress raises European concerns about the sustainability of internal stability. Political reforms are seen as a prerequisite for full European support, with fears that the current administration may perpetuate internal discord. These concerns were amplified by the European view of the formation of a one-party government and statements from Damascus leader Mr. Al-Sharaa indicating a prolonged period before drafting a new constitution or holding elections.

Human Rights:

Reports from human rights organizations continue to highlight severe violations in areas controlled by the new authority. The EU insists on independent monitoring mechanisms to ensure compliance with human rights as a condition for any economic or political support.

Regional Alliances:

Damascus’s ongoing close ties with Russia and Iran complicate efforts to establish a balanced partnership with Europe. This alignment diminishes Europe’s ability to achieve its strategic goals without imposing clear conditions on Damascus to limit these influences.

The Need for Active European Engagement:

Despite these challenges, proactive European engagement in Syria is essential for realizing strategic and economic interests. The EU’s approach must focus on several key areas:

1. Political Path:

- Strengthen cooperation with the United Nations to support political solutions, including pressuring the new authority to adhere to relevant UN Security Council resolutions.

- Foster dialogue among Syrian parties to promote national reconciliation.

2. Economic Initiatives:

- Provide conditional financial support for reconstruction focused on strengthening the local economy and improving essential services.

 - Open new trade channels between Europe and Syria to stimulate economic growth and reduce Syria’s dependency on competing powers.

3. Civil Society Empowerment:

- Support Syrian civil society initiatives aimed at building peace and improving social conditions.

4. Regional Impact:

- Collaborate with neighboring countries like Turkey, Jordan, and Lebanon to coordinate regional efforts and ensure Syria’s stability as part of a broader regional framework.

- Conclusion :

European movements in Syria reflect a mix of strategic interests and a desire to achieve sustainable stability. However, achieving these objectives requires careful management of relations with the new authority in Damascus and a unified European commitment to linking support with reforms. The success of Europe’s role ultimately hinges on its ability to balance political principles with strategic realities.

Diplomatic and Economic Affairs Unit / Syrian File European Organization for Diplomatic and Economic Policy